Thursday 19 December 2013

Difference between Intel core i3, i5 and i7 processors


What is the difference between core i3, i5 and i7 intel                                                                                                                         processors

If you are thinking that the difference in core i3, i5 and i7 is that i3 has 3 cores, i5 five and i7 seven, sorry thats wrong. About 90% of us actually dont know the difference between the three, and are usually fooled by the shopkeepers and end up paying high, actually they themself don’t know what the difference in the three, but now you would no more been in dark and I am going to tell you something you really want to know. 

The first thing that comes in mind when we here these intel processors name is that they are having that many cores in them, but thats not true. Intel core i3 is dual core with 3.33Ghz frequency or what we call the clock speed. While on the other hand even intel core i5 is dual core(except for the i5-661, are quad cores in Australia) the only major differnce is bought in by intel core i7 processor that boast of a quad core processor. So the question arises that on what bases is these ratings of i5, i7, i3 given, actually the ratings dependts on the specification and the technology of the processor like the number of cores, clock speed, cache memory, hyper threading, power unit and intel turbo boost. These words maybe unknown to you so we are going to discuss it in detail and then find the basis on the names. The number of cores are already discussed, now we will see other features.

Power(stars) of CPU


This term is a bit misguiding, it has nothing to do with the processing power, it here stangs for the energy comsumption and saving, like i3 has 3 stars, i5 has 4 and i7 has 5 stars, now you might be thinking about the 1 and 2 stars, they are celeron and pentium respectively. \


Cache Memory

This is a really important part of the rating, and very few of us know its correct importance, the cache memory is just like RAM but is very very fast and has less space for storing, the cpu(processor) has it inbuilt and it generally stores that data which the processor has to use every time form the hard disk, hence it saves it and uses it so increasing a lot of work speed. The i3 has 3 MB while i5 has 6MB(except the one we talked before has 4MB). This is were core i5 gets its advantage starting. While on ine hand RAM works as an intermediate between the processor and the hard disk, the cache memory works as an intermediate between the ram and the processor.

Intel Turbo Boost

 This is the latest technology offered by intel due to which the main difference between core i3 and core i5 occurs. In this technology, the processor can increase its speed any time when their is alot of load, but this technology in available only in core i5 processors and no in core i3 and when i5 uses it, its speed boosts to 3.60GHz, outshining the poor i3 with only 3.3GHz clockspeed.

Hyper Threading

This is nother term that many of us are not aware of. Its another technology by intel which controls the process taking place, like a processor single unit can work on only one thread ata time or if the processor is dual core then two threads at a time, but with this hyper threading technology a single processor can work on more than one thread at a time hence if dual core, then 4 threads at the same time. This is present in core i5 and not in i3 due to which core i5 really gains a lot of points and hence was named i5 with two new technlogy and same cores.


Leaving core i3 and core i5 apart core i7 is something that we can say a real processing giant having 4 cores, 8 MB cache, hyper threading ang intel Turbo boost technology, all in together,  makes it the “Processing Giant” of all time.

 

Friday 6 December 2013

!!!Bluetooth 4.1 Released!!!

!!!Bluetooth 4.1 Released!!!


Bluetooth 4.1(also called as Low Energy Bluetooth) is out and very few of us know what new features it has. Firstly, check the compatible list in the post to see whether your device have bluetooth 4.0 or not. Talking about bluetooth 4.1, it is a new innovation in the field of radio signals, the main advantage that bluetooth 4.1 has over other version is its low energy consuming capability, this version of bluetooth can work for 6 months continously on just a button cell. This capability allows the user to actually keep his bluetooth always “on” instead of switching it from time to time. This was made possible by the technology of “Unidirection(unscattered) Spectrum”. Being specific, bluetooth and all other radio communication devices work on the technology of “radio waves”, they emit radio waves in all the directions(360 degree) and the receiver receives it. This feature though was quite good, but consumed alot of energy and the speed of data transfer was also low, but the new method called “narrow spectrum” was applied in bluetooth 4.0 which now spreads its spectrums in narrower way instead of “broadway spectrum”. This version was announced in the year 2009 but was realeased a bit later. 

The devices which come with this version of bluetooth are...


Windows Phone
These are set of nokia phones that are equipped with this version, telling the truth, bluetooths give thier best in nokia phones!
  • Nokia Lumia (520, 620, 625, 720, 820, 920,925, 928, 1020, 1320, 1520)
Android
Android usually provides us with various application that can make your bluetooth work on a lower energy, but thats no the truth, and this feature is only given by 4.0
  • Sony (Xperia V, Xperia Z, Xperia SP, Xperia L, Xperia M, Xperia Z Ultra, Xperia Z1, Xperia C)
  • Casio (Gz'One Commando 4G LTE)
  • Samsung (Galaxy S3, S3 Mini, Galaxy S4, S4 Mini, Note 2 and Note 3)
  • LG (Nexus 4, Nexus 5, Optimus G, 4X, G2 and up)
  • HTC (One, One Mini, One Max, Desire 300, Desire 601, Desire 500, Butterfly S)
  • XIAOMI (Mi2 and up)
Apple
  • iPhone 4s and later
  • iPad 3 and later
  • iPod Touch 5
  • iPad mini (from its introduction)
BlackBerry
  • BlackBerry Z10
  • BlackBerry Q10
  • BlackBerry Q5
  • BlackBerry Z30
Operating systems
  • iOS 5 and later
  • Windows Phone 8
  • Android 4.3 and later
  • BlackBerry 10

The differnces between the other versions of bluetooth and this version is as follows.....

Technical Specification
Classic Bluetooth technology
Bluetooth low energy technology
Distance/Range
100 m (330 ft)
50 m (160 ft)
Over the air data rate
1–3 Mbit/s
1 Mbit/s
Application throughput
0.7–2.1 Mbit/s
0.27 Mbit/s
Active slaves
7
Not defined; implementation dependent
Security
56/128-bit and application layer user defined
128-bit AES with Counter Mode CBC-MAC and application layer user defined
Robustness
Adaptive fast frequency hopping, FEC, fast ACK
Adaptive frequency hopping, Lazy Acknowledgement, 24-bit CRC, 32-bit Message Integrity Check
Latency (from a non-connected state)
Typically 100 ms
6 ms
Total time to send data (det.battery life)
100 ms
3 ms], <3 ms
Voice capable
Yes
No
Network topology
Scatternet
Star-bus
Power consumption
1 as the reference
0.01 to 0.5 (depending on use case)
Peak current consumption
<30 mA
<15 mA
Service discovery
Yes
Yes
Profile concept
Yes
Yes
Primary use cases
Mobile phones, gaming, headsets, stereo audio streaming, automotive, PCs, security, proximity, healthcare, sports & fitness, etc.
Mobile phones, gaming, PCs, watches, sports and fitness, healthcare, security & proximity, automotive, home electronics, automation, Industrial, etc.

Hence we can see that though it consumes lesser energy then other versions, but it does not offers the key features of bluetooth like audio gateway, phone calling. Even its transfer rate is very slow, hence the innovators have to think something fast to eradicate these drawbacks or else they are not going to have sponsers of this advancement!!!

Sunday 1 December 2013

what is kernel


                                             kernel


A kernel is the intermediate between the software and the hardware, or we can say that it is that it acts as a bridge between the applications and the hardware. Its working depends upon what type of kernel it is. Some people mistake kernel by drivers but let me make it very clear that there is nothing in  common in the drivers and kernels, like drivers work is to convert the commands from computer into a readable binary code that the hardware can access but on the other hand in the similar situation, the kernel will decide that how to convert the code, who will convert the code and who will receive this code, even how much time this all process will take and how much space should be provided to it is decided by the kernel.


Job of the kernel

1.       
        Processor allocation: this is them main job of the kernel, it is the kernel who decideds that which running programe will use the process. Like if you are running a game, browser and paint, then it will be decided by the kernel to allocate the processing for the res[ective items, it is this reason that quad core or above are better than the dual cores even if the giga hertz is same, quad core can work on 4 applications at the same time as it has four working areas, in comparision to one.
2.       
      Memory Allocation: The ram allocation is the job of the kernel, it is kernel who decideds that how much space should be provided to the applications running, we also raise the priorites of the applications, by doing so, we acutally request the kernel to provide some more space to the application.
3.      
      Device Selection: This is the function through which we are able to insert cd and the cd runs. The kernel knows where to send the information, if a perticular software like for mobile it is pc suite, kernel acts as a bridge or else the computer may never come to know to which software needs which hardware to work.

Kernels also provide beutiful methods for synchronization and communication between processes called inter-process communication (IPC)
Due to such high level working mechnism of kernel, kernel too are made of different type, like the monolithic kernel, hybrid kernel, advance kernel, micro kernel etc. According to the need of the system the kernels are made. Actually the first step for making a opeartiong system is actually making its kernel. The processing speed and its compatibiblity all is based on the structure of kernel. Hence we can see that all though we never realise kernel working, it is the reason that you are actually working now...........

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