What is hyperthreading?

What is Hyper-threading?

Hyper-threading in the most simplest terms is an implementation of stocking up various commands for the processor and provide it with the next operation as soon as it is finished with the first one. 

For example : Let your mouth be processor and your hands be threads(which send the commands to the processor). Now if you are chewing(processing) something in your mouth, you will probably have to hold the other stuff in your hand before stuffing it in your mouth. Now lets assume that you complete chewing the food inside but you were unable to pick the next item and bring it to your mouth immediately. So now your mouth will have to wait until your hand gets the next round. All this time your mouth sits ideal and Wast a lot of time. Now suppose you use your both hands to bring the next process, now the chances that both your hands were unable to bring the next command on time decreases a lot. So what there were hundreds of hands, definitely your mouth will never sit ideal. This is what hyper-threading is, hundreds of wires/networks are connected to the processor each carrying there own command, and hence the processor never sits ideal and the computing speed goes up. And its an Intel Proprietary technology so we generally see its mention on Intel processors.

Wikipedia says:

Performance claims

According to Intel, the first hyper-threading implementation used only 5% more die area than the comparable non-hyperthreaded processor, but the performance was 15–30% better.^[13][14] Intel claims up to a 30% performance improvement compared with an otherwise identical, non-simultaneous multithreading Pentium 4. Tom's Hardware states: "In some cases a P4 running at 3.0 GHz with HT on can even beat a P4 running at 3.6 GHz with HT turned off."^[15] Intel also claims significant performance improvements with a hyper-threading-enabled Pentium 4 processor in some artificial-intelligence algorithms.

Overall, the performance history of hyper-threading was a mixed one in the beginning. As one commentary on high-performance computing from November 2002 notes:^[16]

Hyper-Threading can improve the performance of some MPI applications, but not all. Depending on the cluster configuration and, most importantly, the nature of the application running on the cluster, performance gains can vary or even be negative. The next step is to use performance tools to understand what areas contribute to performance gains and what areas contribute to performance degradation.

As a result, performance improvements are very application-dependent;^[17] however, when running two programs that require full attention of the processor, it can actually seem like one or both of the programs slows down slightly when Hyper-Threading Technology is turned on.^[18] This is due to the replay system of the Pentium 4 tying up valuable execution resources, equalizing the processor resources between the two programs, which adds a varying amount of execution time. The Pentium 4 "Prescott" and the Xeon "Nocona" processors received a replay queue that reduces execution time needed for the replay system and completely overcomes the performance penalty.^[19]

According to a November 2009 analysis by Intel, performance impacts of hyper-threading result in increased overall latency in case the execution of threads does not result in significant overall throughput gains, which vary^[17] by the application. In other words, overall processing latency is significantly increased due to hyper-threading, with the negative effects becoming smaller as there are more simultaneous threads that can effectively use the additional hardware resource utilization provided by hyper-threading.^[20] A similar performance analysis is available for the effects of hyper-threading when used to handle tasks related to managing network traffic, such as for processing interrupt requests generated by network interface controllers (NICs).^[21] Another paper claims no performance improvements when hyper-threading is used for interrupt handling.^[22]

Though these all sound quite intriguing, hyper-threaded single core can never actually outperform a dual core or so. It will be always quicker to chew with two mouths instead of having hundreds of hands just waiting for the task to be completed. 

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The Unknown device problem solved

                      The Unknown device problem solved

The famous problem that every computer operator face is the "unknown device" problem. It appears when someone opens the device manager menu, a yellow color triangle with an exclamatory(!) mark appears in the sub-division of "other devices". All of us have had this problem at least once a while and it is really irritating. So here is the solution to the problem.

Steps

1.Right click on the unknown device and select properties.

2. Now select details from the dialog box.

 3.Now this is going to be the most important step. Inside the "Value" category, some alpha-numeric values will be written, like in my case, it was "ACPI\HPQ6001\2&DABA3FF&1". Now right click on this alpha numeric value and copy it, then open google.com and paste it in there. Now erase the numbers or alphabets written after the 2nd slash and keep the rest as it is. now erase the only slash left (i.e.only ACPI HPQ6001 should be left),then click on enter. 

4.The results will show your laptops/PC's website with the driver needed or some site where you can download the driver. Select any website and download the driver and install it. After restarting the computer, you will no more find this particular "unknown device.  

If you are still facing any problem with the drivers, do mention it in the comment.

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Difference between Intel core i3, i5 and i7 processors

What is the difference between core i3, i5 and i7 intel                                                                                                                         processors

If you are thinking that the difference in core i3, i5 and i7 is that i3 has 3 cores, i5 five and i7 seven, sorry thats wrong. About 90% of us actually dont know the difference between the three, and are usually fooled by the shopkeepers and end up paying high, actually they themself don’t know what the difference in the three, but now you would no more been in dark and I am going to tell you something you really want to know. 

The first thing that comes in mind when we here these intel processors name is that they are having that many cores in them, but thats not true. Intel core i3 is dual core with 3.33Ghz frequency or what we call the clock speed. While on the other hand even intel core i5 is dual core(except for the i5-661, are quad cores in Australia) the only major differnce is bought in by intel core i7 processor that boast of a quad core processor. So the question arises that on what bases is these ratings of i5, i7, i3 given, actually the ratings dependts on the specification and the technology of the processor like the number of cores, clock speed, cache memory, hyper threading, power unit and intel turbo boost. These words maybe unknown to you so we are going to discuss it in detail and then find the basis on the names. The number of cores are already discussed, now we will see other features.

Power(stars) of CPU

This term is a bit misguiding, it has nothing to do with the processing power, it here stangs for the energy comsumption and saving, like i3 has 3 stars, i5 has 4 and i7 has 5 stars, now you might be thinking about the 1 and 2 stars, they are celeron and pentium respectively. \

Cache Memory

This is a really important part of the rating, and very few of us know its correct importance, the cache memory is just like RAM but is very very fast and has less space for storing, the cpu(processor) has it inbuilt and it generally stores that data which the processor has to use every time form the hard disk, hence it saves it and uses it so increasing a lot of work speed. The i3 has 3 MB while i5 has 6MB(except the one we talked before has 4MB). This is were core i5 gets its advantage starting. While on ine hand RAM works as an intermediate between the processor and the hard disk, the cache memory works as an intermediate between the ram and the processor.

Intel Turbo Boost

 This is the latest technology offered by intel due to which the main difference between core i3 and core i5 occurs. In this technology, the processor can increase its speed any time when their is alot of load, but this technology in available only in core i5 processors and no in core i3 and when i5 uses it, its speed boosts to 3.60GHz, outshining the poor i3 with only 3.3GHz clockspeed.

Hyper Threading

This is nother term that many of us are not aware of. Its another technology by intel which controls the process taking place, like a processor single unit can work on only one thread ata time or if the processor is dual core then two threads at a time, but with this hyper threading technology a single processor can work on more than one thread at a time hence if dual core, then 4 threads at the same time. This is present in core i5 and not in i3 due to which core i5 really gains a lot of points and hence was named i5 with two new technlogy and same cores.

Leaving core i3 and core i5 apart core i7 is something that we can say a real processing giant having 4 cores, 8 MB cache, hyper threading ang intel Turbo boost technology, all in together,  makes it the “Processing Giant” of all time.

 

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!!!Bluetooth 4.1 Released!!!

!!!Bluetooth 4.1 Released!!!

Bluetooth 4.1(also called as Low Energy Bluetooth) is out and very few of us know what new features it has. Firstly, check the compatible list in the post to see whether your device have bluetooth 4.0 or not. Talking about bluetooth 4.1, it is a new innovation in the field of radio signals, the main advantage that bluetooth 4.1 has over other version is its low energy consuming capability, this version of bluetooth can work for 6 months continously on just a button cell. This capability allows the user to actually keep his bluetooth always “on” instead of switching it from time to time. This was made possible by the technology of “Unidirection(unscattered) Spectrum”. Being specific, bluetooth and all other radio communication devices work on the technology of “radio waves”, they emit radio waves in all the directions(360 degree) and the receiver receives it. This feature though was quite good, but consumed alot of energy and the speed of data transfer was also low, but the new method called “narrow spectrum” was applied in bluetooth 4.0 which now spreads its spectrums in narrower way instead of “broadway spectrum”. This version was announced in the year 2009 but was realeased a bit later. 

The devices which come with this version of bluetooth are...

Windows Phone

These are set of nokia phones that are equipped with this version, telling the truth, bluetooths give thier best in nokia phones!

• Nokia Lumia (520, 620, 625, 720, 820, 920,925, 928, 1020, 1320, 1520)

Android

Android usually provides us with various application that can make your bluetooth work on a lower energy, but thats no the truth, and this feature is only given by 4.0

• Sony (Xperia V, Xperia Z, Xperia SP, Xperia L, Xperia M, Xperia Z Ultra, Xperia Z1, Xperia C)
• Casio (Gz'One Commando 4G LTE)
• Samsung (Galaxy S3, S3 Mini, Galaxy S4, S4 Mini, Note 2 and Note 3)
• LG (Nexus 4, Nexus 5, Optimus G, 4X, G2 and up)
• HTC (One, One Mini, One Max, Desire 300, Desire 601, Desire 500, Butterfly S)
• XIAOMI (Mi2 and up)

Apple

• iPhone 4s and later
• iPad 3 and later
• iPod Touch 5
• iPad mini (from its introduction)

BlackBerry

• BlackBerry Z10
• BlackBerry Q10
• BlackBerry Q5
• BlackBerry Z30

Operating systems

• iOS 5 and later
• Windows Phone 8
• Android 4.3 and later
• BlackBerry 10

The differnces between the other versions of bluetooth and this version is as follows.....

Technical Specification	Classic Bluetooth technology	Bluetooth low energy technology
Distance/Range	100 m (330 ft)	50 m (160 ft)
Over the air data rate	1–3 Mbit/s	1 Mbit/s
Application throughput	0.7–2.1 Mbit/s	0.27 Mbit/s
Active slaves	7	Not defined; implementation dependent
Security	56/128-bit and application layer user defined	128-bit AES with Counter Mode CBC-MAC and application layer user defined
Robustness	Adaptive fast frequency hopping, FEC, fast ACK	Adaptive frequency hopping, Lazy Acknowledgement, 24-bit CRC, 32-bit Message Integrity Check
Latency (from a non-connected state)	Typically 100 ms	6 ms
Total time to send data (det.battery life)	100 ms	3 ms], <3 ms
Voice capable	Yes	No
Network topology	Scatternet	Star-bus
Power consumption	1 as the reference	0.01 to 0.5 (depending on use case)
Peak current consumption	<30 mA	<15 mA
Service discovery	Yes	Yes
Profile concept	Yes	Yes
Primary use cases	Mobile phones, gaming, headsets, stereo audio streaming, automotive, PCs, security, proximity, healthcare, sports & fitness, etc.	Mobile phones, gaming, PCs, watches, sports and fitness, healthcare, security & proximity, automotive, home electronics, automation, Industrial, etc.

Hence we can see that though it consumes lesser energy then other versions, but it does not offers the key features of bluetooth like audio gateway, phone calling. Even its transfer rate is very slow, hence the innovators have to think something fast to eradicate these drawbacks or else they are not going to have sponsers of this advancement!!!

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what is kernel

                                             kernel

A kernel is the intermediate between the software and the hardware, or we can say that it is that it acts as a bridge between the applications and the hardware. Its working depends upon what type of kernel it is. Some people mistake kernel by drivers but let me make it very clear that there is nothing in  common in the drivers and kernels, like drivers work is to convert the commands from computer into a readable binary code that the hardware can access but on the other hand in the similar situation, the kernel will decide that how to convert the code, who will convert the code and who will receive this code, even how much time this all process will take and how much space should be provided to it is decided by the kernel.

Job of the kernel

1.       

        Processor allocation: this is them main job of the kernel, it is the kernel who decideds that which running programe will use the process. Like if you are running a game, browser and paint, then it will be decided by the kernel to allocate the processing for the res[ective items, it is this reason that quad core or above are better than the dual cores even if the giga hertz is same, quad core can work on 4 applications at the same time as it has four working areas, in comparision to one.

2.       

      Memory Allocation: The ram allocation is the job of the kernel, it is kernel who decideds that how much space should be provided to the applications running, we also raise the priorites of the applications, by doing so, we acutally request the kernel to provide some more space to the application.

3.      

      Device Selection: This is the function through which we are able to insert cd and the cd runs. The kernel knows where to send the information, if a perticular software like for mobile it is pc suite, kernel acts as a bridge or else the computer may never come to know to which software needs which hardware to work.

Kernels also provide beutiful methods for synchronization and communication between processes called inter-process communication (IPC)

Due to such high level working mechnism of kernel, kernel too are made of different type, like the monolithic kernel, hybrid kernel, advance kernel, micro kernel etc. According to the need of the system the kernels are made. Actually the first step for making a opeartiong system is actually making its kernel. The processing speed and its compatibiblity all is based on the structure of kernel. Hence we can see that all though we never realise kernel working, it is the reason that you are actually working now...........

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android on computer

use android on computer in 14 steps

fed-up of windows and doors, and want to experience something new on your laptops and desktops. Well, here's something that will certainly attract you. If windows 8 can be run on mobiles and tabs, then why cant it be same for an android to run on pc?

Today I am going to teach you that how can you run an android based OS(4.3) on your computer with its full support. Just follow the following steps and you will be done within minutes.

The softwares you are going to need is

1.Virtual Box(to run the OS virtually)

2.ISO file of android 4.3

these files are easily available on the website s, so i am not giving any direct links.

Steps-

1.Install the virtual box on your computer

2.Start it, click on the "new" button at the top left corner of the first screen.

 

3. Enter the details as shown above and click next. Select the ram space to be allotted to android, keep it around 1 GB. select next.

 

 

4. insert the hard disk to be allotted and select next. keep following the images as steps.

 

5.

6.

 

 

 

 

7

 

 

 

8. after following all the above steps, finally the box setup will complete and the below windows appears with a new android machine on it.

 

9.double click on the android option and a new box opens, asking you to give the iso file, locate it and click next.

 

 

 

 

10.select install android option which 4th option.

 

 

11.Select modify option, then select new, in it, select the logical option and then size of space is displayed, just press enter.

 

12.In this screen, first click on “bootable”, which will mark the space as bootable, and then click on “write”.

13.An option asking yes or no comes, type “yes” and press enter. The writing process starts. After it ends, just click on exit, and you taken black to the dialog box with a new partition added to it, that you have just created.

 

14.Click on “ok” option shown, and then select ntfs from the next screen. A box appears asking you to fromat. Click yes. In the next screen asking you to install “grub”, click skip.

 

After sometime a screen comes asking you to about the image writing, modify it according to your need. Then the writing process starts and you are done with the setup.A screen saying congratulation comes and asks you if you want to run or not, select as per your wish. Now the original android screen appears, just customize it according to your need. And you are ready to use android on your pc, that also on the virtual machine.

The main reason due to which I used virtual box was internet, suppose you were using android and you wanted to connect to net, it might have been a really tiring process to do so, hence I used virtual box, so that the net connection is automatically provided if it is there for your computer.

 

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Convert - Monitor to Touch LCD

                  Make Your Monitor A Touch Screen

 

It is more fascinating in doing and feeling it, instead of just thinking and reading about it. Believe me, there
is nothing like a touch PC, its Cool and cheap in rate. So do you want to change your old boring Monitor into a  touch screen? Let me first tell you that it does not depend on which type of monitor you are using, it will turn into a  touch screen with costing some 250$. The touch laptops available are costly and not so trust worthy, but the modified desktops can serve the purpose, their are various kits available but are not that promising, all you need is a usb kit that is just plug and play type . Now let me tell you how to do it, why to do it, and where to do it. here are some related product details.....

Recommended Multi-Touch Applications

•  Retail Product Selectors          • Digital Signage •  Casino Gaming           • Arcade Gaming •  Wayfinding     • Point of Information •  Security Monitoring Systems  • Pro Audio/Visual •  Training and Simulation           • Geospatial •  Telepresence • Broadcast

  

Feature	Benefit
3M PCT Multi-Touch Technology	•   40 finger multi-touch input with palm rejection capability enables engaging single and multiple user interactions •   Fast 10 millisecond touch response (for 20 touches) creates a natural, intuitive and responsive interface •   Anti-stiction surface enhances the user experience for simple and advanced gestures
Premium Display  Technology	•   Full HD resolution with fine pixel pitch maintains sharp image quality while performing up-close interactions •   120Hz refresh rate keeps content crisp and clear while users interact •   Ultra-wide viewing angle presents a brilliant image at any angle •   LED backlights present a long lasting, bright, uniform image regardless of integrated orientation

Versatile Product  • Ultra-slim (2.6” deep) and lightweight (28 lbs) display enables designers to create compelling multi-touch applications

Design           • Advanced thermal system to maintain comfortable touch screen temperature

•    Chemically-strengthened glass construction enables modern durable flat front surface designs • Fully integrated multi-touch display simplifies implementation of multi-touch into product portfolio

Robust Bezel for wall mounting or remove bezel for modern flat front surface integrations.

 

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS

3M Touch Systems provides innovative touchscreen products to customers worldwide under the "MicroTouch" brand. Popular single, gesture and multi touch screen applications include touchscreens and touch screen monitors for casino gaming, retail point of sale, foodservice, hospitality, self-service, industrial, healthcare and interactive digital signage. Throughout its history, MicroTouch has focused on innovative technologies that make using computers as simple as touching the screen.

How To Do It?

It is very easy to set it up, all you have to do is, just place it properly over the screen and connect it through the usb port, install the software, and your touch screen monitor is ready....though their are different similar devices available such as the touch sensors, they are most accurate, all you got to do is that hang it on the opposite side of your computers wall and then it will detect the touch you make and is connected wireless to your computer, but the thing is that it is a bit costly and new in market and big companies are not really looking into it presently. so the only option that remains is that we stick to the one presently available.

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